An open-access mandate is a policy adopted by a research institution, research funder, or government which requires researchers-usually university faculty or research staff and/or research grant recipients-to make their published, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers open access (1) by self-archiving their final, peer-reviewed drafts in a freely accessible institutional repository or disciplinary repository ("Green OA") or (2) by publishing them in an open-access journal ("Gold OA") or both.